Ok, let's go!
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. It means that the head of state is the King, or Queen, in our case, Elsabeth II. She has been Queen since the death of her father, George VI, in 1952. But it is not the Queen who actually governs the country. It is her Prime Minister. The actual one is Gordon Brown, leader of the Labour Party. There is traditionally two main parties in the UK: Labour, which is left wing, and Conservative, which is rather right wing. You also have smaller parties, such as Liberal Democrats, Green party, and such, but the two main ones are the ones which matter as long as Prime ministers are concerned.
The UK is called united because it is composed of several different parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Scotland now has got its own Parliament, dealing with internal issues such as education and health, Westminster (the Parliament of the UK in London) keeping the direction of external affairs and some finance issues as well. At the head of Scotland is the leader of the majority in the Scottish Parliament, in Holyrood. At the moment, this is Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party. The SNP is left wing and in favor of the independance. Wales had devolution and has got an Assembly, but it has less power than the Scottish Parliament. The case of Northern Ireland is far more complicated, as shown through the troubles that are still present there.
The major public issues at the moment are the war in Iraq (British troops are fighting there), crimes, tax problems. I would say that, generally speaking, british people are happy of their system (but not necessarily of the person at the head ^^).
The Queen, and the Royal Family at large, are rather well appreciated, and looked upon with indulgence. But they have almost no politic power. Note: the Queen is the only Britich citizen not allowed to vote...